Topic
CelestiaAdvancedA modular blockchain splits execution, settlement, consensus and data availability across layers. This guide explains how sampling and erasure coding prove data was published, and compares the costs and trust trade-offs of Ethereum blobs, Celestia and EigenDA.
#scaling#storage
CosmosIntermediateCosmos chains secure themselves and connect through IBC, while Polkadot parachains rent shared security with DOT and message through XCM. This guide compares both, including coretime, JAM and the Cosmos Hub's 2026 removal of Interchain Security.
#bridges#governance#scaling
BaseIntermediateBase is Coinbase's Ethereum layer 2, rated Stage 1 by L2BEAT as of November 2026. Learn how its sequencer, blobs and multiproof withdrawals work, what Coinbase controls and doesn't, why it left Optimism's governance, and why it has no token.
#gas-&-fees#scaling
BitcoinIntermediateThe Lightning Network moves Bitcoin payments into two-party channels, so only opening and closing usually touch the blockchain. Learn how HTLCs route payments, why inbound capacity matters, what watchtowers do, what a force close costs, and its limits.
#scaling#transactions
GeneralIntermediateA zero-knowledge proof shows a statement is true without revealing anything else about it. Crypto uses these proofs for zk-rollups, private payments and identity. Here is how they work, how SNARKs and STARKs differ, and where they have failed.
#privacy#scaling#zero-knowledge
SolanaIntermediateSolana gets its speed from a known leader schedule, parallel execution, 200-millisecond slots and local fee markets. Here is how it works after the October 2026 Alpenglow switch, how theoretical and observed TPS differ, and what outages and hardware costs show.
#consensus#performance#scaling
GeneralIntermediateA bridge moves value between blockchains by locking an asset on one chain and minting a representation on another. They get hacked because they concentrate value and depend on flawless keys, contracts and proofs — as Ronin (~$600M) and Wormhole (~$320M) showed.
#bridges#scaling#security
EthereumIntermediateA layer 2 runs on top of a base chain like Ethereum for cheap, fast transactions while inheriting its security. Rollups execute off-chain, then post compressed data back to Ethereum — optimistic ones use fraud proofs, zk ones use validity proofs.
#bridges#consensus#scaling
